Table 1 The TPMs for Mandarin with the example (wonderful)

ch chi chiu chu d di du f g gu h hu j ji jiu ju k ku

l li liu lu m mi n nu ni p pi ru sh shi shiu shu su t

ti tsu tu tzu wu niu b bi jr chr shr r sz tsz tz yi yu

a{H,L,M} ai{H,L} ang{H,L} an{H,L} au{H,L} chr{H,L}

e{H,L,M} eh{H,L} ei{H,L} en{H,L,M} er{H,L} jr{H,L}

ng{H,L} o{H,L,M} ou{H,L,M} r{H,L} shr{H,L} sz{H,L}

tsz{H,L} tz{H,L,M} wu{H,L} yi{H,L} yu{H,L}

tonal syllable

tai(4)

bang(4)

le(0)

model

tonal phone

t aiH aiL

b angH angL

l eM eM

model