Experiments on Automatic Recognition of Nonnative Arabic Speech

EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing

Table 1 Arabic phoneme list used throughout our experiments.

LDC phoneme	Description	IPA symbol
C	voiced pharyngeal fricative	ʕ
D	velarized voiced alveolar stop	đ
G	voiced velar fricative
H	voiceless pharyngeal fricative	ʔ
Q	voiceless glottal stop	ʔ
S	velarized voiceless alveolar fricative
T	velarized voiceless alveolar stop	ţ
TH	velarized voiced interdental fricative	ð
Z	voiced interdental fricative	ð^ʔ
ae	low front vowel	aa
ah	low back vowel	a
aw	back upgliding diphthong	a-w
ay	front upgliding diphthong	a-i
b	bilabial voiced stop	b
d	voiced alveolar stop	d
ey	upper mid front vowel	a-y
f	voiceless labiodental fricative	f
g	voiced velar stop	g
h	voiceless glottal fricative	h
ih	high front lax vowel	I
iy	high front tense vowel	ii
j	voiced palato-alveolar fricative	3
k	voiceless velar stop	k
l	voiced alveolar lateral	l
m	voiced bilabial nasal	m
n	voiced alveolar nasal	n
q	voiceless uvular stop	q
r	voiced alveolar flap	r
s	voiceless alveolar fricative	s
sh	voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
t	voiceless alveolar stop	t
th	voiceless interdental fricative
uw	high back rounded vowel	o
w	voiced bilabial approximant	w
x	voiceless velar fricative	x
y	voiced palatal approximant	j
z	voiced alveolar fricative	z