Pitch- and Formant-Based Order Adaptation of the Fractional Fourier Transform and Its Application to Speech Recognition

Yin, Hui; Nadeu, Climent; Hohmann, Volker

doi:10.1155/2009/304579

EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing

Table 8 Consonant-specific results: error rates and absolute improvements for each consonant (%).

From: Pitch- and Formant-Based Order Adaptation of the Fractional Fourier Transform and Its Application to Speech Recognition

	Error rate	Absolute error rate improvement with respect to MFCC by using FrFT-MFCC
	MFCC					Pitch + MP	Pitch + 2MP	Pitch + 3MP	Pitch + 5MP
b	6.25	−0.89	−1.79	0.89	0.89	−1.79	−0.89	0.89	0.89	0.89	3.57	0.89	0.89
ch	8.93	0.89	2.68	0.89	3.57	4.46	0.00	1.79	5.36	0.00	0.89	3.57	1.79
d	16.07	−3.57	1.79	−7.14	−2.68	−3.57	−0.89	0.00	−1.79	−0.89	−3.57	−0.89	−1.79
dh	55.36	6.25	7.14	8.04	6.25	10.71	3.57	8.04	6.25	6.25	4.46	8.04	1.79
dj	16.07	0.89	0.00	−0.89	0.00	−1.79	−4.46	0.89	−0.89	1.79	−0.89	−0.89	0.89
f	25.00	0.89	7.14	0.89	3.57	8.04	9.82	8.93	2.68	−0.89	1.79	5.36	2.68
g	22.32	2.68	1.79	0.00	−1.79	−8.93	0.89	0.89	−4.46	1.79	0.00	1.79	−4.46
h	12.50	−0.89	−0.89	−0.89	0.89	−2.68	−2.68	0.00	−2.68	0.00	−1.79	−4.46	0.89
k	6.25	1.79	−0.89	−1.79	0.00	−1.79	−0.89	−1.79	0.89	1.79	−1.79	1.79	0.00
l	8.93	−2.68	0.00	−0.89	−0.89	−0.89	−1.79	−4.46	0.00	−1.79	−5.36	−1.79	−3.57
m	13.39	2.68	−1.79	−4.46	−1.79	−0.89	1.79	−1.79	−0.89	−0.89	−2.68	−1.79	0.00
n	12.50	0.00	2.68	5.36	0.89	2.68	−0.89	−0.89	−4.46	−3.57	0.89	−3.57	−9.82
ng	12.50	−0.89	0.89	−1.79	−0.89	−4.46	−2.68	−2.68	−2.68	−1.79	0.00	−2.68	−0.89
p	3.57	−0.89	−0.89	0.89	0.00	−1.79	−1.79	−2.68	−0.89	0.89	0.00	0.00	−0.89
r	9.82	−1.79	−0.89	−4.46	−4.46	−0.89	−1.79	0.00	−2.68	0.00	1.79	0.89	−0.89
s	14.29	−0.89	−0.89	0.89	−2.68	−3.57	0.89	2.68	2.68	4.46	1.79	−0.89	2.68
sh	8.04	1.79	5.36	2.68	2.68	3.57	4.46	4.46	3.57	4.46	1.79	4.46	3.57
t	10.71	2.68	3.57	4.46	1.79	1.79	1.79	0.00	1.79	2.68	1.79	7.14	4.46
th	30.36	0.89	−2.68	0.89	−2.68	2.68	0.00	1.79	0.00	−7.14	−0.89	0.00	0.00
v	33.04	6.25	0.00	2.68	0.00	2.68	2.68	−0.89	−4.46	2.68	0.00	0.89	3.57
w	4.46	1.79	2.68	0.00	0.89	1.79	0.89	1.79	1.79	1.79	0.00	−1.79	1.79
y	7.14	−0.89	−1.79	0.00	1.79	−0.89	−3.57	−0.89	−2.68	0.00	0.00	0.89	0.89
z	8.93	−3.57	−2.68	−3.57	−3.57	−3.57	−1.79	−3.57	−2.68	−2.68	0.00	−0.89	−1.79
zh	20.54	2.68	0.89	2.68	2.68	1.79	3.57	0.89	7.14	3.57	5.36	1.79	3.57

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